法院裁定谷歌(Google)為“壟斷者”,可能會給整個科技行業帶來連鎖反應。
韋德布什證券公司(Wedbush Securities)在最近一份分析報告中列出了一些可能出現的情況,各種情況出現的可能性有所不同。盡管有些情況可能對谷歌有利,但并非所有情況都是如此。韋德布什認為,人們一般會想到的情況包括:禁止谷歌與其他公司達成價值數十億美元的排他性協議、巨額罰款,或者蘋果(Apple)趁機進入搜索引擎行業,與OpenAI這樣的大企業合作,但這種情況出現的概率很低。
對于消費者來說,“我用谷歌搜索一下”這一語句(在2006年開始盛行)的終結,可能最終會使他們更容易訪問其他搜索引擎。但僅僅是這個原因并不會使谷歌的業務蒸發。消費者只需在眾多競爭者中選擇谷歌即可。但是,如果谷歌的地位下滑,就會為其他搜索引擎打開大門,因為它們可以更公平地參與競爭。
本周一,美國哥倫比亞特區聯邦地區法院法官阿米特?梅塔裁定,谷歌利用其在搜索引擎市場的領先地位,不公平地損害了規模較小競爭對手的利益,構成壟斷行為。梅塔在裁決書中稱,谷歌利用其規模和影響力達成排他性協議,使其搜索引擎成為默認設置。2021年,為達成此類協議,谷歌與蘋果等智能手機生產商、各種無線運營商和網絡瀏覽器開發商簽訂收入共享協議,為此支出總計260億美元。
在長達286頁的裁決書中,梅塔承認谷歌產品卓越,稱其為“業界質量最高的搜索引擎?!?/p>
谷歌在對這一裁決的回應中指出了這一事實,并計劃提起上訴?!斑@一裁決承認谷歌的搜索引擎為業界最優,但得出的結論卻是,不允許谷歌讓這種搜索引擎被輕易訪問,”谷歌全球事務總裁肯特?沃克說道。
谷歌與其他公司簽訂的協議帶來了豐厚回報。2023年,谷歌搜索貢獻了1,750億美元的收入,競爭對手無法進入消費者的設備。梅塔在裁決書中稱,2020年,谷歌占據高達95%的智能手機搜索市場份額和90%的在線搜索市場份額。其中還指出,微軟(Microsoft)旗下的必應(Bing)僅次于谷歌,但僅占6%的搜索市場份額。
由于上訴仍在進行中,而且梅塔尚未決定對谷歌實施何種處罰,因此結果可能多變。韋德布什分析師認為,有可能維持現狀,也有可能徹底顛覆搜索行業。
谷歌未來何去何從?
最直接的結果是谷歌上訴勝訴。這樣的話,當前的裁決將被推翻,一切都會保持原樣。據韋德布什分析師丹?艾夫斯預計,谷歌上訴勝訴的幾率約為30%到40%。上訴可能需要數月甚至數年的時間,在此之前,事情可能會陷入僵局。
如果谷歌上訴敗訴,梅塔將會對谷歌采取處罰措施,或要求其繳納罰款,或要求其改變經營方式,或兩者兼而有之。韋德布什分析師表示,谷歌可能會被處以罰款,但這對谷歌業務的影響可能不大,特別是在允許谷歌搜索繼續作為默認搜索引擎的協議仍然有效的情況下。對于這家市值2萬億美元的科技巨頭和其他類似公司來說,這也是老生常談了。2017年6月,因谷歌違反歐盟反壟斷監管機構新實施的科技法規,歐盟對其開出27億美元的罰單。在美國,其他科技公司也收到過其他反壟斷監管機構開出的數十億美元的罰單。2019年,美國聯邦貿易委員會(FTC)以Meta公司違反隱私法規為由,對其開出50億美元的罰單。
如果政府迫使智能手機生產商主動向消費者提供更換默認搜索引擎的選項,這將對谷歌業務造成沖擊。韋德布什稱,即使大多數用戶預計仍會繼續使用谷歌,但這一措施仍會造成“凈負面結果”。
丹?艾夫斯表示,這樣的話,谷歌上訴將以某種中間立場告終,即協議仍然有效,但須附加一定條件。他認為這與2001年著名的微軟反托拉斯案有異曲同工之處。在微軟案中,微軟在上訴后獲準繼續經營,但必須向競爭對手提供其API訪問權,而微軟之前對此一直持拒絕態度。
“如果谷歌敗訴,他們很可能會與蘋果達成某種結構性協議,所有事情都將會變得非常棘手,”艾夫斯說道?!皬乃阉鹘嵌瘸霭l,可以在iOS iPhone生態系統中為[消費者]提供一些其他選擇,但谷歌仍是主要搜索引擎合作伙伴。”
其他分析師也認為這種情況有可能發生。
Evercore分析師阿米特?達里亞納尼表示,最有可能的結果之一是,法官裁定“蘋果等公司必須主動提示用戶選擇搜索引擎,而不是設置默認搜索引擎,由消費者根據自己的意愿更改設置?!?/p>
谷歌與蘋果等公司簽訂的協議確保了設備不會預裝其他搜索引擎。這種情況很有可能會發生改變,用戶在購買新設備時,會被提示從選項列表中選擇一個默認搜索引擎。
還有兩種情況不太可能發生。其一,像蘋果這樣的公司,現在不受利潤豐厚但限制性強的默認協議約束,只需用其他搜索引擎取代谷歌即可。韋德布什認為這種情況不會發生,因為人們普遍認為谷歌是市場上最好的搜索引擎。
其二,蘋果以此為契機,開始開發與谷歌競爭的產品。
開發會話式人工智能的云計算公司Conversica的CEO吉姆?卡斯卡德表示,如果做得好的話,蘋果可以將人工智能搜索工具無縫集成到其遍布全球的無數設備上。“這有可能讓蘋果成為大贏家,從而取代谷歌的主導地位。”
據《紐約時報》2023年的報道,谷歌與蘋果達成大額交易的原因之一,就是為了阻止蘋果開發自己的搜索工具。蘋果和谷歌已經憑借其iOS和Android系統在智能手機市場展開競爭。
最后,韋德布什報告指出了谷歌兩大技術競爭對手之間的合作計劃。蘋果和OpenAI可能會合作開發下一代人工智能搜索引擎。艾夫斯承認,這種可能性微乎其微,但仍不失為一種選擇。“雖然這種情況發生的概率極低,但我們還是要把所有的可能性都列出來,”他說道。
兩家公司已經達成協議,將OpenAI的ChatGPT工具集成到蘋果現有的Siri功能中,稱之為“蘋果智能”。雖然可能性不大,但韋德布什承認,如果這種情況真的發生了,谷歌可能會遭受重創。研究報告指出,“蘋果帶來的意外挑戰,可能會使谷歌失去更多的市場份額。”
但據報道,蘋果作為一家出了名的嚴謹公司,出于對消費者隱私和品牌形象的擔憂,正與OpenAI保持一種若即若離的關系。
卡斯卡德表示,這一切都還為時過早。他說:“我們不要把裁決和連帶挑戰與這兩家公司的市場推廣和產品技術突破混為一談。無論谷歌和蘋果如何競爭,裁決始終有效。”(財富中文網)
翻譯:郝秀
審校:汪皓
法院裁定谷歌(Google)為“壟斷者”,可能會給整個科技行業帶來連鎖反應。
韋德布什證券公司(Wedbush Securities)在最近一份分析報告中列出了一些可能出現的情況,各種情況出現的可能性有所不同。盡管有些情況可能對谷歌有利,但并非所有情況都是如此。韋德布什認為,人們一般會想到的情況包括:禁止谷歌與其他公司達成價值數十億美元的排他性協議、巨額罰款,或者蘋果(Apple)趁機進入搜索引擎行業,與OpenAI這樣的大企業合作,但這種情況出現的概率很低。
對于消費者來說,“我用谷歌搜索一下”這一語句(在2006年開始盛行)的終結,可能最終會使他們更容易訪問其他搜索引擎。但僅僅是這個原因并不會使谷歌的業務蒸發。消費者只需在眾多競爭者中選擇谷歌即可。但是,如果谷歌的地位下滑,就會為其他搜索引擎打開大門,因為它們可以更公平地參與競爭。
本周一,美國哥倫比亞特區聯邦地區法院法官阿米特?梅塔裁定,谷歌利用其在搜索引擎市場的領先地位,不公平地損害了規模較小競爭對手的利益,構成壟斷行為。梅塔在裁決書中稱,谷歌利用其規模和影響力達成排他性協議,使其搜索引擎成為默認設置。2021年,為達成此類協議,谷歌與蘋果等智能手機生產商、各種無線運營商和網絡瀏覽器開發商簽訂收入共享協議,為此支出總計260億美元。
在長達286頁的裁決書中,梅塔承認谷歌產品卓越,稱其為“業界質量最高的搜索引擎。”
谷歌在對這一裁決的回應中指出了這一事實,并計劃提起上訴。“這一裁決承認谷歌的搜索引擎為業界最優,但得出的結論卻是,不允許谷歌讓這種搜索引擎被輕易訪問,”谷歌全球事務總裁肯特?沃克說道。
谷歌與其他公司簽訂的協議帶來了豐厚回報。2023年,谷歌搜索貢獻了1,750億美元的收入,競爭對手無法進入消費者的設備。梅塔在裁決書中稱,2020年,谷歌占據高達95%的智能手機搜索市場份額和90%的在線搜索市場份額。其中還指出,微軟(Microsoft)旗下的必應(Bing)僅次于谷歌,但僅占6%的搜索市場份額。
由于上訴仍在進行中,而且梅塔尚未決定對谷歌實施何種處罰,因此結果可能多變。韋德布什分析師認為,有可能維持現狀,也有可能徹底顛覆搜索行業。
谷歌未來何去何從?
最直接的結果是谷歌上訴勝訴。這樣的話,當前的裁決將被推翻,一切都會保持原樣。據韋德布什分析師丹?艾夫斯預計,谷歌上訴勝訴的幾率約為30%到40%。上訴可能需要數月甚至數年的時間,在此之前,事情可能會陷入僵局。
如果谷歌上訴敗訴,梅塔將會對谷歌采取處罰措施,或要求其繳納罰款,或要求其改變經營方式,或兩者兼而有之。韋德布什分析師表示,谷歌可能會被處以罰款,但這對谷歌業務的影響可能不大,特別是在允許谷歌搜索繼續作為默認搜索引擎的協議仍然有效的情況下。對于這家市值2萬億美元的科技巨頭和其他類似公司來說,這也是老生常談了。2017年6月,因谷歌違反歐盟反壟斷監管機構新實施的科技法規,歐盟對其開出27億美元的罰單。在美國,其他科技公司也收到過其他反壟斷監管機構開出的數十億美元的罰單。2019年,美國聯邦貿易委員會(FTC)以Meta公司違反隱私法規為由,對其開出50億美元的罰單。
如果政府迫使智能手機生產商主動向消費者提供更換默認搜索引擎的選項,這將對谷歌業務造成沖擊。韋德布什稱,即使大多數用戶預計仍會繼續使用谷歌,但這一措施仍會造成“凈負面結果”。
丹?艾夫斯表示,這樣的話,谷歌上訴將以某種中間立場告終,即協議仍然有效,但須附加一定條件。他認為這與2001年著名的微軟反托拉斯案有異曲同工之處。在微軟案中,微軟在上訴后獲準繼續經營,但必須向競爭對手提供其API訪問權,而微軟之前對此一直持拒絕態度。
“如果谷歌敗訴,他們很可能會與蘋果達成某種結構性協議,所有事情都將會變得非常棘手,”艾夫斯說道?!皬乃阉鹘嵌瘸霭l,可以在iOS iPhone生態系統中為[消費者]提供一些其他選擇,但谷歌仍是主要搜索引擎合作伙伴?!?/p>
其他分析師也認為這種情況有可能發生。
Evercore分析師阿米特?達里亞納尼表示,最有可能的結果之一是,法官裁定“蘋果等公司必須主動提示用戶選擇搜索引擎,而不是設置默認搜索引擎,由消費者根據自己的意愿更改設置。”
谷歌與蘋果等公司簽訂的協議確保了設備不會預裝其他搜索引擎。這種情況很有可能會發生改變,用戶在購買新設備時,會被提示從選項列表中選擇一個默認搜索引擎。
還有兩種情況不太可能發生。其一,像蘋果這樣的公司,現在不受利潤豐厚但限制性強的默認協議約束,只需用其他搜索引擎取代谷歌即可。韋德布什認為這種情況不會發生,因為人們普遍認為谷歌是市場上最好的搜索引擎。
其二,蘋果以此為契機,開始開發與谷歌競爭的產品。
開發會話式人工智能的云計算公司Conversica的CEO吉姆?卡斯卡德表示,如果做得好的話,蘋果可以將人工智能搜索工具無縫集成到其遍布全球的無數設備上?!斑@有可能讓蘋果成為大贏家,從而取代谷歌的主導地位?!?/p>
據《紐約時報》2023年的報道,谷歌與蘋果達成大額交易的原因之一,就是為了阻止蘋果開發自己的搜索工具。蘋果和谷歌已經憑借其iOS和Android系統在智能手機市場展開競爭。
最后,韋德布什報告指出了谷歌兩大技術競爭對手之間的合作計劃。蘋果和OpenAI可能會合作開發下一代人工智能搜索引擎。艾夫斯承認,這種可能性微乎其微,但仍不失為一種選擇。“雖然這種情況發生的概率極低,但我們還是要把所有的可能性都列出來,”他說道。
兩家公司已經達成協議,將OpenAI的ChatGPT工具集成到蘋果現有的Siri功能中,稱之為“蘋果智能”。雖然可能性不大,但韋德布什承認,如果這種情況真的發生了,谷歌可能會遭受重創。研究報告指出,“蘋果帶來的意外挑戰,可能會使谷歌失去更多的市場份額?!?/p>
但據報道,蘋果作為一家出了名的嚴謹公司,出于對消費者隱私和品牌形象的擔憂,正與OpenAI保持一種若即若離的關系。
卡斯卡德表示,這一切都還為時過早。他說:“我們不要把裁決和連帶挑戰與這兩家公司的市場推廣和產品技術突破混為一談。無論谷歌和蘋果如何競爭,裁決始終有效?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)
翻譯:郝秀
審校:汪皓
The court ruling that Google is a “monopolist” could have ripple effects across the entire tech industry.
A recent analyst note from Wedbush Securities lays out some of the possible scenarios. Some are more likely than others, and not all are favorable for Google—though some could be. The options on the table include a ban on the billions’ worth in exclusivity agreements Google struck with other companies, a massive fine, or the long-shot possibility that Apple seizes the opportunity to parachute into the search engine business itself, potentially with a formidable player like OpenAI, according to Wedbush.
For consumers, the end of “Let me google that for you,” a term that officially became a verb in 2006, could mean that it will ultimately be easier for them to access other search engines. But just because access is easier doesn’t mean Google’s business will evaporate. Consumers could simply choose it over competitors. However, if Google’s position were to slip, it could open the door to other search engines now that they could more fairly compete.
On Monday, Judge Amit Mehta of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that Google acted as a monopoly by using its position as the market-leading search engine to unfairly harm its smaller competitors. In the ruling, Mehta said Google had used its size and influence to secure exclusivity deals that made its search engine the default setting. In 2021, Google spent a total of $26 billion securing these agreements through revenue-sharing deals with smartphone makers like Apple, various wireless carriers, and web browser developers, according to Mehta’s ruling.
In his 286-page brief, Mehta acknowledged Google’s superior product, calling it “the industry’s highest-quality search engine.”
Google pointed to this fact in its reaction to the ruling, which it plans to appeal. “This decision recognizes that Google offers the best search engine, but concludes that we shouldn’t be allowed to make it easily available,” Google president for global affairs Kent Walker said.
The agreements Google signed with other companies paid off handsomely—in 2023 Google Search raked in $175 billion in revenue—keeping competitors off consumers’ devices. In 2020, Google had a 95% market share on smartphones and a 90% share of online search in general, according to Mehta’s ruling. Microsoft-owned Bing, the runner-up, had just 6% of all searches, the court filings stated.
With an appeal pending and the fact Mehta hasn’t yet decided what penalties he will impose on Google, there are a few possible outcomes in the running. They range from maintaining the status quo to upending the search industry all together, according to Wedbush’s analysts.
What could happen to Google?
The most straightforward outcome is if Google wins its appeal. In that case, the current ruling would be overturned and things would stay as they are. Google has about a 30% to 40% chance of winning its appeal, according to Wedbush analyst Dan Ives’s estimate. The appeal will likely take months if not years to play out and until then things could be in a holding pattern.
If Google loses the appeal, Mehta would impose a penalty that either forces the company to pay a fine, change the way it does business, or both. Google could be hit with a fine, which would likely have little effect on Google’s business, especially if the agreements allowing it to remain the default search engine stayed in place, said Wedbush’s analysts. It’s also old hat for the $2 trillion tech giant and others like it. In the EU, Google was hit with a $2.7 billion fine in June 2017 for violating newly implemented tech regulations by the EU’s antitrust watchdog. In the U.S., other tech companies have been hit with similar multibillion-dollar fines by other antitrust regulators. In 2019, the FTC slapped Meta with a $5 billion fine for violating privacy regulations.
What would be a hit to Google’s business is if the government forced smartphone companies to proactively offer consumers the option to change their default search engine. Wedbush called this a “net negative outcome” even though it expected most users would continue to stick with Google.
In this case, Google’s appeal would end in a sort of middle ground, where it kept its agreements but under certain conditions, according to Dan Ives. He likened it to Microsoft’s famous antitrust case from 2001 where after an appeal the company was allowed to stay together but had to offer competitors access to its APIs, something it had previously resisted.
“If they lose, they likely come to some structured agreement with Apple that would tightrope everything,” Ives said. And “give [consumers] some other options from a search perspective on the iOS iPhone ecosystem, but still keep Google as the primary search partner.”
Other analysts also consider this to be a possibility.
Evercore analyst Amit Daryanani said one of the most likely outcomes is a ruling that would require that “companies like Apple must proactively prompt users to select their search engine rather than setting a default and allowing consumers to make changes in settings if they wish.”
Google’s agreements with companies like Apple ensures that devices don’t come preloaded with other search engines. There’s a strong possibility that could change and that upon buying a new device, users will be prompted with the option to select a default search engine from a list of choices.
There are also two less likely scenarios. In one, companies like Apple, now unencumbered by lucrative but restrictive default agreements, simply replace Google with a different search engine. Wedbush doesn’t see that happening because Google is widely considered to be the best search engine on the market.
The second unlikely scenario is that Apple uses this as an opportunity to start developing its own competitor to Google.
If done properly, Apple could seamlessly integrate an AI search tool across its countless devices across the world, says Jim Kaskade, CEO of Conversica, a cloud company developing conversation AI. “This is a potentially big win and will help unseat Google’s dominance,” he said.
One of the reasons for Google’s big money deal with Apple was to keep it from developing its own search tools, according to New York Times reporting from 2023. Apple and Google already compete in the smartphone market with their iOS and Android systems.
In closing, the Wedbush note floats a partnership between two of Google’s major tech competitors. Apple and OpenAI could team up to develop a next-generation, AI-powered search engine. It’s a long-shot possibility, Ives concedes, but an option nonetheless. “There’s probably a better chance of me running the 200 meter in Paris than that happening, but you just got to put every option out there,” he said.
The two companies already have an agreement to integrate OpenAI’s ChatGPT tool into Apple’s existing Siri features, which it is calling Apple Intelligence. While unlikely, Wedbush concedes that if it did happen it could be a big hit to Google. “An unexpected challenge from Apple could result in more material market share loss from Google,” the research note reads.
But Apple, a famously fastidious company, is reportedly keeping OpenAI at arm’s length over concerns about consumer privacy and its brand image.
Kaskade says all of this is still premature. “Let’s not mix the ruling and associated challenges with go-to-market and product technology breakthroughs of these two,” he said. “The ruling applies no matter how Google and Apple compete.”